Math Symbols | HTML Entity & Character Reference

Entities Math Symbols

HTML supports a wide range of mathematical symbols through Unicode and character references. These symbols can be used for arithmetic, equations, comparisons, set notation, calculus, logic, and other mathematical expressions.

Many commonly used mathematical symbols have named HTML character references. Mathematical symbols can also be represented with decimal or hexadecimal numeric character references or entered directly in a UTF-8 HTML document.

Basic Math Symbols

Basic mathematical symbols are used for arithmetic operations, fractions, multiplication, division, and other common mathematical expressions.

Character	Named	Decimal	Hexadecimal	Description
+	—	`+`	`+`	Plus sign
−	`−`	`−`	`−`	Minus sign
±	`±`	`±`	`±`	Plus-minus sign
×	`×`	`×`	`×`	Multiplication sign
÷	`÷`	`÷`	`÷`	Division sign
⁄	`&frasl;`	`⁄`	`⁄`	Fraction slash
√	`√`	`√`	`√`	Square root
∞	`∞`	`∞`	`∞`	Infinity
∝	`&prop;`	`∝`	`∝`	Proportional to
°	`°`	`°`	`°`	Degree sign

Comparison & Relation Symbols

Comparison and relation symbols describe how mathematical values or expressions relate to one another.

Character	Named	Decimal	Hexadecimal	Description
<	`<`	`<`	`<`	Less-than sign
>	`>`	`>`	`>`	Greater-than sign
≤	`≤`	`≤`	`≤`	Less-than or equal to
≥	`≥`	`≥`	`≥`	Greater-than or equal to
≠	`≠`	`≠`	`≠`	Not equal to
≈	`≈`	`≈`	`≈`	Almost equal to
≡	`&equiv;`	`≡`	`≡`	Identical to
≅	`&cong;`	`≅`	`≅`	Approximately equal to or congruent to

Set Symbols

Set notation uses special symbols to describe membership, subsets, unions, intersections, and other relationships between mathematical sets.

Character	Named	Decimal	Hexadecimal	Description
∅	`∅`	`∅`	`∅`	Empty set
∈	`∈`	`∈`	`∈`	Element of
∉	`∉`	`∉`	`∉`	Not an element of
∋	`&ni;`	`∋`	`∋`	Contains as member
⊂	`⊂`	`⊂`	`⊂`	Subset of
⊃	`⊃`	`⊃`	`⊃`	Superset of
⊆	`&sube;`	`⊆`	`⊆`	Subset of or equal to
⊇	`&supe;`	`⊇`	`⊇`	Superset of or equal to
∩	`∩`	`∩`	`∩`	Intersection
∪	`∪`	`∪`	`∪`	Union

Calculus & Advanced Math Symbols

Calculus and advanced mathematics use symbols for derivatives, integrals, summation, products, gradients, and other operations.

Character	Named	Decimal	Hexadecimal	Description
∂	`∂`	`∂`	`∂`	Partial differential
∇	`∇`	`∇`	`∇`	Nabla
∏	`∏`	`∏`	`∏`	N-ary product
∑	`∑`	`∑`	`∑`	N-ary summation
∫	`∫`	`∫`	`∫`	Integral
∬	`&Int;`	`∬`	`∬`	Double integral
∮	`&conint;`	`∮`	`∮`	Contour integral
⋅	`⋅`	`⋅`	`⋅`	Dot operator

Logic Symbols

Mathematical and symbolic logic uses characters to represent logical operations, quantifiers, proofs, and relationships between statements.

Character	Named	Decimal	Hexadecimal	Description
¬	`¬`	`¬`	`¬`	Not sign
∀	`∀`	`∀`	`∀`	For all
∃	`∃`	`∃`	`∃`	There exists
∄	`&nexist;`	`∄`	`∄`	There does not exist
∧	`&and;`	`∧`	`∧`	Logical and
∨	`&or;`	`∨`	`∨`	Logical or
⊥	`&perp;`	`⊥`	`⊥`	Up tack or perpendicular
∴	`&there4;`	`∴`	`∴`	Therefore

Using Math Symbols in HTML

Math symbols can be entered directly in UTF-8 HTML or written with named, decimal, or hexadecimal character references. Character references display individual symbols but do not provide the mathematical structure and semantics available with MathML.

<p>5 &times; 4 = 20</p>
<p>x &ne; y</p>
<p>x &isin; A</p>
<p>&sum; x = 10</p>
<p>&radic;16 = 4</p>

Browser Result

5 × 4 = 20

x ≠ y

x ∈ A

∑ x = 10

√16 = 4